A conversa sobre o Electric Universe "

38 comentarios
Posto 28 de marzo de 2009, en Astronomía . Tags: , , , , , .

Mármore e teño discutido previamente o creacionismo ea evolución, pero despois da nosa conversa centrada nun estándar da cosmoloxía non coñecida como cosmoloxía de plasma (popularizouse como "Electric Universe" ).


Podes usar estes enlaces para ir a varios puntos da discusión. Ou, simplemente ignore-los e manter a lectura.

Primeiro e-mail's Marble

A miña primeira resposta

2 correo's Marble

A miña resposta 2

3 correo's Marble

A miña resposta 3

Segunda-mail's Marble

A miña resposta 4



Escrito por Marble o 25 de marzo de 2009 ás 09:28

Teño interese en AI, física, astronomía, e estou moi interesada en traballar a realidade da Espiritualidade retratado polo Cristianismo e as súas raíces.

Eu teño evitado entrar acalorados debates sobre evolución, porque creo que eles crean unha morea de ar quente e non moi progreso. Eu tamén creo que (quizais controvertida) que a imposibilidade de cuestionar a "opinión acepta é unha mania moi humano - non se limita a persoas de relixión, nin excluíndo os de maior intelecto. Eu gusto de William Beaty da páxina de científicos disidentes " e penso interesante vostede citou Carl Sagan

... Oh wow - só descubrir o seu percorrido teolóxico artigo procura súa cotización Carl Sagan ... [Nota Ed: A cita é aquí , pero este artigo teoloxía levou a unha] conversa lado



Escrito por Dumb científico en marzo 26, 2009 at 02:37

Eu gusto de William Beaty da páxina de científicos disidentes " ...

Interesante páxina. Os científicos adoitan dicir que o único camiño para unha nova teoría para ser aceptado polos científicos é vello para morrer. Gustaríame pensar que é un punto de vista pesimista, a pesar de todo.



Escrito por Marble o 26 de marzo de 2009 ás 06:12

Aquí é só un lugar onde eu creo que está a suceder hoxe (astronomía). Me deparei coa teoría do Universo eléctrico de uns anos e foi majorly impresionado. Antes de que eu só aceptado que os cráteres da lúa foron os impactos que os cometas eran bolas de neve sucia do derretimento do xeo, que o Sol era alimentado por fusión - pero eu non podía entender como temos un plan galaxia, sistema solar plana e lisa aneis en torno a Saturno través da gravidade ... así que eu procure para unha explicación dalgúns anos para atrás e non atopar nada que realmente explicou que, un ano despois a cuestión de novo queimadas - e que, cando atopei este sitio e un ou dous outros. Eu quedei encantada. Había explicar moito máis e brechas significativas na comprensión actual da astronomía. (Vou volver a iso.)

En realidade - en torno ao mesmo tempo e sen relación co universo eléctrico - esta imaxe / serie de imaxes realmente pregado casa para min que eu xa non cría que os astrónomos realmente sabían o que estaban falando ...

¿Que é fascinante é que o astro crese estar moi lonxe de 'expansión shell' para ser nada alén dun breve lampejo de luz mediante capas concéntricas de po -, porque se fose a po que se cambiar a distancia durante ese período de tempo estaría movendo arredor da velocidade da luz .... - Isto é, din, non pode ser o que parece ser unha cuncha de expansión de po, debido á súa alta velocidade así que debe ser un eco de luz.

Agora sobre a descrición orixinal da NASA (que li hai uns anos - que agora parece ser substituídos polos arriba) foi unha previsión con base na natureza dun eco de luz (que eu non atopei ningunha falla con) - era que o " shell 'parecen contrato dentro como a luz salto ao longo das costas da cuncha finalmente chegou á Terra. Curiosamente - iso non está a suceder, e eu nunca esperaba que el. E parece que a NASA ten recollido previsión. Entón, eu vou afirmar que con MON 838 que está a ver é realmente o que está a recibir. Un único depósito de expansión de po. E eu sospeitoso que a velocidade da po / expansión está a abrandar, en vez de ter unha taxa de expansión constante na velocidade da luz como a luz se apaga. Eu só hoxe descubrín o Groucho Marx citar - "Quen vai crer? Me? Ou os seus ollos mentirosos? ";)

Entón, basicamente, eu creo que é a luz da estrela iluminada o po de casca singular - e vai continuar a desvanecer como a po dispersa -, pero que vai (continuar) a ter un efecto visual diferente ao dunha verdadeira luz eco. Pero as consecuencias disto son enormes! Ou nosas medicións a distancia están fóra (é, aparentemente, de ningún xeito un pouco dubidosa, xa paralaxe se esgota), e / ou a nosa comprensión da velocidade da luz está en cuestión (suponho que a materia escura estará obrigado a rescatar alí).

O único que me impresiona máis sobre o universo eléctrico é que a súa explicación dunha serie de fenómenos astronómicos claramente visible pode ser demostrada fisicamente: a creación de cráter (a partir de aquí ), Ecuatorial cumes e Aneis de Saturno

Eu perforado través deste sitio web e máis parecido con el sobre un par de meses, e, aínda que existan algúns aspectos que eu non estou seguro sobre / desacordo - eu non teño dúbida de que eles dispararon os primeiros tiros da revolución astronómica que se achega ;) O meu comentario sobre a inacabado Carl Sagan era de que é, naturalmente, desconsiderada e irrisório do universo eléctrico ... Pero hai tanta evidencia alí - claro, como proba o día - que merece unha ollada moito máis profundo. Así, a revolución non é a partir do inicio / os altos sacerdotes da ciencia;) Coido que a evidencia é tan clara - aínda que vai tomar as xeracións máis vellas a caer ... sen dúbida ...;)

BTW - aquí está unha ligazón para unha encolhido moeda electromagnética.



Escrito por Dumb científico en marzo 26, 2009 at 07:35

Aquí é só un lugar onde eu creo que está a suceder hoxe (astronomía). Me deparei coa teoría do Universo eléctrico de uns anos e foi majorly impresionado.

Vin iso tamén, pero non estaba moi impresionado. Eu tenden a acordo coa páxina da Wikipedia é "mainstream comparación á cosmoloxía." O principal problema é que a cosmoloxía do plasma presenta moitos novos presupostos, e non representan case como moitos fenómenos como cosmoloxía mainstream. Por exemplo ...

Antes de que eu só aceptado que os cráteres da lúa foron os impactos,

Vimos causando cráteres de meteoritos. É un feito establecido. Estou pensando en cráteres que se formaron na Terra durante a historia rexistrada, así como as cráteres que se formaron na Lúa e foi visto polos nosos telescopios (parece un único flash brillante, non unha faísca lóstrego), e eventos como Shoemaker-Levy 9 , que mostran que cometas planetas folga.

Si, a páxina universo eléctrico mostra imaxes de marcas de queimaduras que parecen cráteres, pero que simplemente afirmar que o sistema solar era máis "electricamente activo" no pasado. Isto pode ocorrer en Io (por mor da súa proximidade a Xúpiter abre un xigante EN tubo de fluxo ), pero en calquera outro caso, eu creo que é unha solución en busca dun problema.

que os cometas eran bolas de neve sucia de fusión do xeo

O que foi confirmado como análise espectroscópicas. Podemos apuntar espectrómetro de cometas e analizar as pegadas espectrais dos cometas, comprobando que son feitos de xeo de auga.

que o Sol era alimentado por fusión

Física Solar é probablemente unha das máis impresionantes teorías precisas xa desenvolvido. Ela representa non só o comportamento do Sol, senón tamén explica os espectros de luz de estrelas moito maiores e moito menores, así como explicando o xeito no que as estrelas morren.

Vostede está en un exemplo: como o universo "eléctrico", di, os científicos utilizan a ser confundido co feito de que só poderíamos ver 1 / 3 dos neutrinos espera do sol. A partícula físicos medir o fluxo de neutrinos dicía que o problema era debido a que os físicos solares que tiña remate dos seus modelos do interior solar mal. Os físicos solares presos pola súa resposta e, eventualmente, nós descubrimos que os neutrinos teñen masa (o que sorprendeu os físicos de partículas) e como resultado eles "oscilar entre os tres sabores de neutrinos. Unha vez que os físicos de partículas foron só buscar un sabor, que perdeu os outros dous.

Física Solar esencialmente reescribir a física de partículas, o que realmente me impresiona.

- Pero eu non podía entender como temos un plan da galaxia, sistema solar plano e os aneis de Saturno apartamento a través da gravidade ...

A galaxia está acreditado para ter condensado a partir dunha nube moito maior do hidróxeno e helio primordial (hai algunhas evidencias de que buratos negros supermassivos desempeñou un gran papel neste proceso). Porque a proto-galaxia condensada de algo moito maior, o seu momento de inercia reducido drasticamente, como se fose un Patiño no xeo, puxando os brazos para xirar máis rápido. Isto fixo que a taxa de rotación da galaxia para aumentar en torno a calquera eixe do momento angular apuntado inicialmente, o cal é totalmente aleatorio para cada galaxia.

Isto non significa que non debe haber ningún-como órbitas esféricas, só que hai máis obxectos en órbita no disco que é perpendicular ao eixo de rotación do que en calquera outro avión. Aquí está a punchline: ao longo de millóns de anos, os obxectos que non están en órbita na galaxia de disco a ter encontros inmediatos cos numerosos obxectos máis no disco, e ou están fóra da galaxia ou colocados en órbitas máis normal. O mesmo proceso explica o feito de que todos os planetas na órbita do sistema solar nun plano común. (Incidental, as galaxias elípticas ollar diferente porque eles chocar con outras galaxias "recentemente", interrompendo a espiral de forma lisa natural.)

En realidade - en torno ao mesmo tempo e sen relación co universo eléctrico - esta imaxe / serie de imaxes realmente pregado casa para min que eu xa non cría que os astrónomos realmente sabían o que estaban falando ...

¿Que é fascinante é que o astro crese estar moi lonxe de 'expansión shell' para ser nada alén dun breve lampejo de luz mediante capas concéntricas de po -, porque se fose a po que se cambiar a distancia durante ese período de tempo estaría movendo arredor da velocidade da luz .... - Isto é, din, non pode ser o que parece ser unha cuncha de expansión de po, debido á súa alta velocidade así que debe ser un eco de luz.

As estrelas "claramente" xira en torno da Terra unha vez cada 23 horas, 56 minutos e 4 segundos. Quen intenta explicar que fora como a "rotación da Terra" só está intentando facer vostede crer seu ollos mentirosos . Se pensas que é bobagem, lembre que algunhas persoas literalmente cren que para ser verdade.

Agora sobre a descrición orixinal da NASA (que li hai uns anos - que agora parece ser substituídos polos arriba) foi unha previsión con base na natureza dun eco de luz (que eu non atopei ningunha falla con) - era que o " shell 'parecen contrato dentro como a luz salto ao longo das costas da cuncha finalmente chegou á Terra. Curiosamente - iso non está a suceder, e eu nunca esperaba que el. E parece que a NASA ten recollido previsión.

Eu non estou ao tanto destes detalles. Eu tamén non estou convencido de que realmente non existe ningunha proba de reflexos na parte de atrás da nebulosa. Se vostede é realmente curioso, investigador do principio google e preguntarlle se axudar a comprende-lo. A maioría dos científicos quere falar sobre o seu traballo co público en xeral, mentres que as persoas fan preguntas educado dunha forma non conflitivas.

Pero por causa do argumento, digamos que a NASA prevé que os reflexos da volta faría a nebulosa parecen diminuír e, a continuación, recollido estas previsións, porque non pasou. Gustaríame saber o diámetro da nebulosa, que convertidos en tempo de viaxe de luz que nos diga canto tempo teríamos que agardar. Eu tamén quere saber o espectro de luz, a densidade da po e da distribución de tamaño de po. Tanto me permite calcular a dispersión da luz, quizais usando a teoría de Xapón .

Eu sospeitoso que está a suceder aquí é que a luz non é tan fortemente espallados cara atrás, pois é a fronte. Así, o eco da parte da fronte da nebulosa é máis brillante do que o reflexo da parte de atrás da nebulosa, porque a luz da parte de atrás da nebulosa ten que ser reflectido case 180 graos. Eu non podo estar seguro sen dedicar moito tempo a este problema que eu non teño, no entanto.

Tamén a luz dispersa, na parte de atrás da nebulosa sería abandonado de novo no seu camiño para nós, pois ela pasa a parte da fronte da nebulosa, de xeito que dificulta a interpretación correcta.

Entón, eu vou afirmar que con MON 838 que está a ver é realmente o que está a recibir. Un único depósito de expansión de po. E eu sospeitoso que a velocidade da po / expansión está a abrandar, en vez de ter unha taxa de expansión constante na velocidade da luz como a luz se apaga. Eu só hoxe descubrín o Groucho Marx citar - "Quen vai crer? Me? Ou os seus ollos mentirosos? ";)

Entón, basicamente, eu creo que é a luz da estrela iluminada o po de casca singular - e vai continuar a desvanecer como a po dispersa -, pero que vai (continuar) a ter un efecto visual diferente ao dunha verdadeira luz eco. Pero as consecuencias disto son enormes! Ou nosas medicións a distancia están fóra (é, aparentemente, de ningún xeito un pouco dubidosa, xa paralaxe se esgota), e / ou a nosa comprensión da velocidade da luz está en cuestión (suponho que a materia escura estará obrigado a rescatar alí).

A súa explicación abre unha lata de vermes xigantes. Temos unha enorme cantidade de evidencias de que a galaxia é de aproximadamente 100 mil Ly en que Andrómeda é ~ Ly 2.000.000 de distancia, e que é Lightspeed 299.792.458 m / s. Estás tentando resolver un misterio realmente minúscula, pero no proceso vai ter que explicar unha serie de observacións astronómicas.

Eu non teño tempo para describir completamente o século pasado, da astronomía, pero vou observar que as nosas medidas están baseadas na distancia (en orde crecente de distancia) paralaxe, variables Cefeidas, supernovas do Tipo 1a, e as medicións redshift. Esta é unha boa visión .

É verdade que estamos constantemente reaxustar estas velas estándar "e que toda a ciencia está suxeita a cambios de novas informacións. O problema é que as nosas observacións poñer as barras de erro rigorosamente definidos a estas distancias. Eu non quedaría sorprendido se estas medidas están fóra por 10-20%, porque a barras de erro que son realmente grandes.

Pero se este eco é nada, pero claro, está falando dunha gran cambio nesas medicións de distancia, ou a velocidade da luz. Este tipo de cambio esixe que para explicar todas as medicións feitas por telescopios en todo o mundo no último século. Espero que vós quere inclinación contra muíños de vento ...

Ademais, a materia escura non ten nada que ver con iso. A materia escura foi orixinalmente unha hipótese que explica as curvas de velocidade de rotación anomalía dentro das galaxias e as velocidades orbitais invulgarmente elevado de galaxias enteiras en superaglomerados. Pero foi comprobada experimentalmente pola Bullet cluster . Ademais, os resultados do WMAP son inexplicables, sen unha certa cantidade de non-bariônica materia escura e enerxía escura, chamada algo bizarro.

A materia escura / enerxía son ridiculamente complicado temas, pero eles non son simplemente "fudge" factores que os científicos xogar en fenómenos que non entendo.

Ecuatorial Ridge

Interesante coincidencia: Atopei recentemente un científico Emily Dahlberg, en decembro pasado AGU Falla Meeting , que estaba estudando a cordilleira Iapetus. Ela presenta tres teorías e lanzou serias dúbidas sobre todos eles. Nós realmente non sei por que o cumio existe, pero eu li esa páxina e non vexo como a cosmoloxía de plasma ten unha explicación mellor para os distintos misterios da crista.

Aneis de Saturno

Tanto como podo dicir, a Cassini sonda foi descubrindo novos aneis e as lagoas no sistema de aneis, e eles parecen non estar a ter problemas para describilos los co estándar da física gravitacional. É estraño física-lúas poden realmente empurrar aneis de acabar coa súa gravidade (contra-intuitivo, ten que ver con sistemas de coordenadas de rotación), pero todo é comprensible coa matemática suficiente.

BTW - aquí está unha ligazón para unha encolhido moeda electromagnética.

Si, o electromagnetismo é unha forza moi poderosa. É 10 36 veces máis potente que a gravidade, en realidade. Entón, podo entender o seu apelido en termos de explicar o universo. Quizais teña mesmo subestimado a importancia das interaccións plasma interestelar. Quen sabe?

É verdade que tanto a gravidade e do electromagnetismo ten alcance infinito e pode atravesar o espazo baleiro (o sitio Universo Tranvía afirma que os científicos non recoñece que as forzas electromagnéticas poden atravesar o espazo baleiro, pero eu non atopei un físico que é o que ignorantes). As reclamacións feitas polos radicais cosmoloxía de plasma son ignorados polo mainstream físicos porque cargas eléctricas veñen en dous tipos que tenden a atraer un ao outro e cancelar. masa gravitacional só veñen en cantidades positivo, para que nunca cancela.

Como resultado, a estrutura do universo a grande escala é dominado por interaccións gravitacionais. As galaxias se forman por mor da gravidade e de colisións aleatorias entre os obxectos forman a forma de disco plano. Estrelas colapso por mor da gravidade ata que se fagan suficientemente quente para fundir hidróxeno, entón permanecen estabilizados por gravidade, ata que finalmente remata cando o combustible nuclear se esgotar, etc



Escrito por Marble o 26 de marzo de 2009 ás 10:22

Si - Eu admite que nunca incomodou coa tentativa de distinguir entre o universo eléctrico e da cosmoloxía do plasma - Cómo imaxinar que estaban en gran parte da mesma franxa.

Wikiquote - A maioría dos astrofísicos aceptar a materia escura como un fenómeno real e un ingrediente vital na estrutura da formación, que non pode ser explicado polo recurso a procesos electromagnéticos

Obviamente a maioría acordo astrofísica, un feito non fai - e unha cita é necesario para "non pode ser explicada".

Mira este link para unha simulación eléctrica da formación da galaxia en espiral. Está claro que eu non teño o seu modelo matemático desconstruídos ou intento de reproducir-lo no meu micro - entón eu vou ter que leva-la en valor de cara.

Pero se este eco é nada, pero claro, está falando dunha gran cambio nesas medicións de distancia, ou a velocidade da luz. Este tipo de cambio esixe que para explicar todas as medicións feitas por telescopios en todo o mundo no último século. Espero que vós quere inclinación contra muíños de vento ...

Se a velocidade da luz cambia dramaticamente fóra do noso sistema solar ... entón porque non nosas observacións aínda ser coherente con o que temos - como se sabe / non sei se a luz viaxa moito máis rápido ou máis lento entre as estrelas e sistemas? E cantos anos luz desas galaxias son enormes - pero parece que vemos os dous brazos practicamente idénticas (ben a miña observación moi básico - non sei se hai algunha investigación que indique que as estrelas do outro lado das galaxias son " máis novos ou se as armas son distorsionadas para permitir a luz distantes levando máis tempo para chegar ata nós, etc.)

Física Solar é probablemente unha das máis impresionantes teorías precisas xa desenvolvido. Ela representa non só o comportamento do Sol, senón tamén explica os espectros de luz de estrelas moito maiores e moito menores, así como explicando o xeito no que as estrelas morren.

Eu non estou seguro se é tan bo. E eu non creo que a historia ten a súa afirmación. Física Solar é probablemente unha das teorías máis impresionante xa que as modificacións nunha base regular. O sol só se tornou unha entidade fusión powered cando descubrimos a fusión, por exemplo. E eu creo que estrelas só recentemente foi demostrado que consisten principalmente de hidróxeno e helio (ademais do núcleo en estrelas máis vellas / maior), e que as lecturas do espectrómetro de elementos presentes son debido á calor extremo efectivamente electróns saltando polas cunchas orbital do hidróxeno. (Se eu estea correctamente lembrando a astronomía 2006 162 podcast de conferencias que eu oín recentemente.) estrelas están cambiando brillo , tamaño, cor moi rapidamente na teoría actual. A coroa é moi quente. Cando foi a materia escura e enerxía "descuberto"? Se non o interior das galaxias significou a xirar máis rápido? Isto é en gran parte como Astronomía obras nestes días - ou ignorar a evidencia de que non encaixa no modelo, ou cambiar o modelo para reaparelhar as probas - a última das cales é gran - pero se o modelo non é facer previsións ... Coido que o modelo é medio inútil - falseabilidade ou algo así, non é? .. ; P

Vimos causando cráteres de meteoritos. É un feito establecido. Estou pensando en cráteres que se formaron na Terra durante a historia rexistrada, así como as cráteres que se formaron na Lúa e foi visto polos nosos telescopios (parece un único flash brillante, non unha faísca lóstrego), e eventos como Shoemaker-Levy 9, que mostran que planetas cometas folga.

Si, a páxina universo eléctrico mostra imaxes de marcas de queimaduras que parecen cráteres, pero que simplemente afirmar que o sistema solar era máis "electricamente activo" no pasado. Poida que eu poida ver que iso sexa verdade en Io (pola súa proximidade con Xúpiter ábrese un xigante EN tubo de fluxo ), pero en calquera outro caso, eu creo que é unha solución en busca dun problema.

Eu non estou contestando que os impactos físicos ocorren - pero quizais pode apuntar-me a algunhas foto e descricións de cráteres causadas por impactos de tal? ¿Por que os cráteres de impacto (por exemplo na lúa de argumentos ben), moi fermoso perfectamente circular? A menos que algún tipo de explosión tipo atómico é invocado no momento do impacto - non podo ver como a practicamente todos os impactos na lúa sería perpendicular á superficie da lúa, considerando que a lúa ten unha tal gravidade débil ben, porque eu creo unha Moitas destas grandes cráteres causadas por grandes / rápidos meteoritos movemento que debe realmente se espallan ó longo da superficie da Lúa na dirección do meteorito estaba viaxando. E entón tes que explicar o fondo plano e paredes cume - que a máquina eléctrica pode demostrar claramente (e pequeno pico no medio ocasionalmente - o que probablemente exclúe unha explosión BTW).

O que foi confirmado como análise espectroscópicas. Podemos apuntar espectrómetro de cometas e analizar as pegadas espectrais dos cometas, comprobando que son feitos de xeo de auga.

Estás estudando para un dereito D. - Vou te perdoar por non estar por riba de todo ;)

Vostede está en un exemplo: como o universo "eléctrico", di, os científicos utilizan a ser confundido co feito de que só poderíamos ver 1 / 3 dos neutrinos espera do sol.

Entón, se non podemos ter dereito a po do cometa ... canto máis partículas exóticas - non é só detectar un día ou algo así - como un flash de luz nun recipiente grande millas das augas subterráneas? (Eu son só encher espazo aquí porque eu estou tendo dificultades para atopar refutação da UE).

E eu non estou dicindo que o Sol non ten reaccións de fusión - é só que non é a principal fonte de enerxía. Se a reacción de fusión no centro era a fonte de calor, entón ¿por que o corona (atmosfera exterior máis) ordes de magnitude máis quente que a superficie do Sol (fotosfera). Como a calor chegar á coroa e alí permanecer sen se mover de volta? Eles están especulando, por suposto - pero tanto como eu saiba - non hai ningún mecanismo comprobado. Pero unha descarga de arco, onde a enerxía está benvida de fóra vexo como unha explicación menos problemática. Combina iso cun campo de achatamento radial do sistema solar, debido á entrada de alimentación de enerxía do Sol -, entón se coaduna moi ben - mesmo se eu non sei que estou falando;)

Tanto como podo dicir, a sonda Cassini como foi descubrindo novos aneis e as lagoas no sistema de aneis, e eles parecen non estar a ter problemas para describilos los co estándar da física gravitacional. É estraño física-lúas poden realmente empurrar aneis de acabar coa súa gravidade (contra-intuitivo, ten que ver con sistemas de coordenadas de rotación), pero todo é comprensible coa matemática suficiente.

Vou levar o modelo máis simple - que é a repulsión eléctrica. Tende a facer cousas deste tipo. E ten as plumas IO lembrar ... así non hai dúbida de que hai significativa carga eléctrica dispoñible. O que é máis é que as reformas anel tamén. A gravidade só non fai iso - eu non me importa canto a matemáticas que xogar con el;) E iso non sería matemática semellante á que ten o paradoxo burato erro nel? Ou a un celeiro de centro? Sinto moito, pero me gusta particularmente os paradoxos me dicir que hai algo malo en algún lugar ... (no modelo - e non a realidade ... * plugs oídos para non entrar debates filosóficos sobre a realidade *).

A súa explicación abre unha lata de vermes xigantes.

Pero se non fai as preguntas, as persoas xeralmente non comezan a pensar nas respostas ... e manteñen-se só aceptar os sacerdotes (peer Reviewed) versión da realidade;)

Ás veces o demo está nos detalles.

A súa explicación abre unha lata de vermes xigantes.

As revolucións son asuntos confuso ....

É verdade que tanto a gravidade e do electromagnetismo ten alcance infinito e pode atravesar o espazo baleiro (o sitio Universo Tranvía afirma que os científicos non recoñece que o electromagnetismo pode atravesar o espazo baleiro, pero eu non atopei un físico que é o que ignorantes). Pero as reclamacións pescudas feita pola cosmoloxía de plasma son ignorados polo mainstream físicos porque cargas eléctricas veñen en dous tipos, e tenden a atraer un ao outro e cancelar. masa gravitacional só veñen en cantidades positivo, para que nunca cancela.

Ao parecer plasma escala efectos moi ben (Usinagem eléctrica micro cráteres nas cráteres da lúa - Eu sei que neste momento non pode aceptar iso - ou figuras planetarias Lichtenberg, quizais, pero eu estou morrendo aquí por falta de sono ...). Plasma e non só "cancelar" encargos - consulte as correntes de Birkeland vaíña / plasma para comezar. Está claro que lle podería pedir que os poderes do super correntes galáctico - pero ben - ademais de correntes cluster super etc - Suponho que podería igualmente preguntar o que deu inicio ao Big Bang.

Aquí está o 3 pernas do banquinho que eu creo que fan moi difícil a recuperación das teorías correntes

Debe de millóns de anos a:

  1. Evolución
  2. Gravitacional base a estabilidade do sistema solar
  3. Xeolóxico de intemperismo, a través da auga e do vento

Lazos que a bioloxía, xeoloxía e astrofísica. O peso contra dicindo que tal e tal evento aconteceu nun prazo máis curto nun campo é causado por outros dous. Sen embargo, na miña opinión (iamadumbnonscientist) todos os 3 campos podería ser reducido a un curto período de tempo a través dos conceptos do universo eléctrico e creación / ID. Claro que pode ter que crear unha unidade anti-gravidade, refutar a constancia da luz e da construción dunha AI para argumentar no meu nome antes de que alguén me vai escoitar .... Pero aínda así eu non teño tanta certeza;)



Escrito por Dumb científico en marzo 26, 2009 at 21:53

Se a velocidade da luz cambia dramaticamente fóra do noso sistema solar ... entón porque non nosas observacións aínda ser coherente con o que temos - como se sabe / non sei se a luz viaxa moito máis rápido ou máis lento entre as estrelas e sistemas?

En primeiro lugar, o problema da variación física "constantes" foi examinado en detalle aquí (ver sección 3). Hai evidencia débil de que algunhas constantes físicas eran diferentes no pasado, pero o creacionismo novo Terra esixe un cambio moito maior que a evidencia soporta. Neste contexto, "moito maior", os millóns de veces moi grande.

Segundo, se a velocidade da luz é diferente fóra do noso sistema solar, debe haber unha capa límite (abrupta ou gradual) entre a rexión do noso sistema solar cunha baixa velocidade da luz e do universo exterior, onde a velocidade da luz é maior . En ambos os casos, esta é a definición dunha lente. Está basicamente dicindo que vivimos nunha bola de gude (ou elipsóide de vidro, ou Vestiario bailarina de vidro). Ollar a unha bola de gude nalgún momento o Sol, a capa de fronteira entre o aire eo vidro desvía a luz e focaliza-lo. Esta interface dobra a luz, porque a velocidade da luz é de 33% máis lento no vidro que no aire.

Mesmo se a capa límite é gradual, que é o mesmo que o caso da atmosfera da Terra: a luz viaxa en torno a 0,03% máis lento que no aire baleiro, e ese cambio ocorre gradualmente a medida que o aire está máis grosa para o chan. Isto permite que xente en pé no cumio dunha montaña para ver máis do seu horizonte xeometricamente definida, porque a luz pende cara a eles. Tamén é parte da razón a lúa está vermella durante un eclipse lunar (a Lúa está na sombra da Terra, pero está sendo iluminada pola luz reflectida de todos os amenceres e atardecer no mundo).

Se a luz é realmente máis rápido fóra do noso sistema solar, a capa límite tería consecuencias experimentalmente medible:

  • O ceo quedaría raro - algunhas rexións sería totalmente escuro, e as estrelas "fixas" que cambio nos patróns de queasy que a Terra xiraba arredor do sol.
  • Dependendo da xeometría da capa límite, polo menos, un punto focal onde existiría unha radiación electromagnética de todo o espectro de frecuencia están concentrados. Todas as frecuencias deberán ser enfocados no mesmo punto, porque as nosas medicións locais revelan toda a radiación EM viaxar na mesma velocidade no noso baleiro, e medicións remotas de eventos extra-galáctico revelan a mesma cousa dentro dos límites da incerteza experimental. Isto significa que a capa límite que estamos propondo non pode ter calquera aberración cromática . Así, o sistema solar tería zonas de "morte" que estarían suxeitos á radiación extrema, sempre que un "local" supernova estoupou ... e eu non ter visto evidencias de algo así.
  • Unha capa límite abrupto producir en unha reflexión interna total . Se a capa límite é esférica, suficientemente ampla e centrada no Sol, a luz do Sol non sería totalmente reflectida, pero dependendo do tamaño da fronteira é a luz reflectida por Xúpiter e Saturno (xunto coas súas emisións de radio) que saltan ao redor do solar do sistema.

coeficientes de transmisión tamén son dependentes da velocidade relativa de luz en ambas as rexións, e xeralmente non é o mesmo para os diferentes frecuencias. O límite tería de ser case perfectamente claro en todas as frecuencias observadas na conta da súa invisibilidade, o que significa que ten que ter algún tipo de idealizada revestimento anti-reflexivo .

E cantos anos luz desas galaxias son enormes - pero parece que vemos os dous brazos practicamente idénticas (ben a miña observación moi básico - non sei se hai algunha investigación que indique que as estrelas do outro lado das galaxias son " máis novos ou se as armas son distorsionadas para permitir a luz distantes levando máis tempo para chegar ata nós, etc.)

Cool! Algúns novos elementos de proba indican que a Vía Láctea é aproximadamente dúas veces tan grande como eu pensaba que era. The Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) "en rede" moitos telescopios para formar un telescopio cunha resolución angular sen precedentes, e imaged aglomerados de estrelas de produción no lado oposto da galaxia, en ondas de radio dúas veces, unha en xaneiro e xa en xuño, para obter medicións de paralaxe. Ademais, a súa densidade versus medidas de distancia indican que a Vía Láctea ten catro brazos, e non dous como se pensaba antes.

Coido que algunhas velas media distancia estándar deben ser revisados unha vez máis, por un factor de, como máximo, 2. Isto é un erro maior que eu tería esperado enriba da miña cabeza (teña en conta que non son un físico, astrónomo). En fin, descubrir que só agora e penso que era ao mesmo tempo informativo e relevante.

En resposta á súa pregunta, practicamente todas as galaxias son aproximadamente o mesmo tamaño como o noso ou lixeiramente menores. It used to be odd that Andromeda seemed so much larger than our galaxy, but the VLBA showed that this was because, paradoxically, it's harder to study our own galaxy than it is to study galaxies millions of light years away. And in Andromeda's case, the disk is nearly edge-on, so the near stars appear 200,000 years younger than the farther ones. But since most stars live for billions of years this isn't noticeable. Stars the size of our Sun live for 5-10 billion years, smaller stars like red dwarfs last tens of billions of years and larger stars can shine so brightly that they exhaust their fuel in mere millions of years. So the 200,000 years it takes for light to cross the galaxy is a small percentage of the lifetimes of all but the largest stars, which are being born all the time so they don't have a uniform age anyway.

The Sun only became a fusion powered entity when we discovered fusion for instance.

So… you're saying it's surprising we didn't realize that the Sun was fusion powered before fusion was discovered in the 1930s? (I consider Bethe's and Chandrasekhar's works in 1939 to mark the dawn of modern solar physics.)

And I believe stars have only recently been shown to consist mostly hydrogen & helium (apart from the core in older/larger stars)

That depends on your definition of “recently.” Helium and hydrogen were found to dominate the Sun's spectrum in 1868. So it wasn't surprising when fusion-based stellar models developed in the 1930s didn't allow for large percentages of other elements. Otherwise fusion would be harder to start, causing the minimum size of a viable star to be higher than we've observed.

… and that the spectrometer readings of elements present are due to the extreme heat effectively bouncing electrons through the orbital shells of the hydrogen.

I don't understand this point. What elements are you talking about? I'd be interested to see if there's some way for spectroscopic “fingerprints” to be mistaken for something else (which is what I think you're saying) but the predicted signatures have extremely narrow peaks in the frequency domain, and thermal motion usually just results in Doppler broadening…

(If I'm correctly recalling the 2006 astronomy 162 podcast of lectures I've listened to recently.) Stars are changing brightness , size, colour too rapidly for the current theory.

I think it's likely that steady-state predictions are simpler than predictions of the transition states. In other words, it's easy to predict the temperature and neutrino flux from fusion in a stable star, but transitions and oscillations are harder to describe. At least, that's been my experience in a different field of physics…

When was dark matter & energy 'discovered'?

1933 – Zwicky studies the Coma cluster of galaxies and is surprised to find that these galaxies are orbiting each other much faster than he predicted based on their visible mass. He proposes that each galaxy actually contains much more mass than is visible.

1959 – Measurements of galactic rotational velocities conflict with expected velocities based on the amount of matter observed to be present. The dark matter concept proposed by Zwicky is found to solve this problem too.

1970s – Big Bang nucleosynthesis has trouble reconciling observations of high deuterium density with the expansion rate of the universe. Non-baryonic dark matter solves this problem as well.

At this point, dark matter was simply an hypothesis. MOdified Newtonian Dynamics ( MOND ) was another hypothesis with equal weight. But then in 2006 measurements of the Bullet Cluster supported the dark matter hypothesis over the MOND hypothesis.

Simultaneously, WMAP (2001-present) measured the microwave background radiation and independently confirmed the existence of dark matter. It also revealed an even larger amount of “dark energy” which confirmed the 1998 discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. I can't claim to understand any of the debate after that point, though: it's over my head.

Weren't the insides of the galaxies meant to spin faster?

Yes, but it's a little complicated. Kepler's laws say inner planets orbit faster than outer planets, but in a very specific manner: “the square of the orbital period of the planet is directly proportional to the cube of the radius of the orbit.

That wasn't what scientists were expecting when they looked at galaxies, though. Their models accounted for the fact that galaxies are densely filled with stars rather than dominated by a single point mass like our solar system. Thus, stars at the edges should be a little faster than the Keplerian estimate. The problem was that the actual observations revealed a velocity curve (ie orbital velocity of stars versus their distance from the center of the galaxy) that was way too flat. In other words, stars at the edge were traveling much too fast.

But then someone noticed that if you hypothesized the existence of a ( nearly ) uniform “halo” of matter around the galaxy, the problem went away (I had to do this homework problem in my cosmology class). This hypothesis of a non-interacting dark matter halo wasn't distinguishable from MOND until several years ago, though.

This is largely how astonomy works these days – either ignore the evidence that doesn't fit the model, or change the model to refit the evidence – the latter of which is fine – but if the model's not making predictions… I think your model is kinda worthless – falsifiability or something isn't it?.. ; P

I've never seen astronomers ignore evidence- not the astronomers whose papers I read or my astronomer friends. Perhaps my experiences are less representative of the astronomy community than yours are, though. Can't say for sure.

I agree that models which don't make falsifiable predictions are worthless. I've just never seen that happen in peer reviewed journals. Theories are modified by new evidence all the time, but those modifications make predictions of their own. An excellent example is that the dark matter hypothesis drastically modified our understanding of galactic structure and evolution. It used to be indistinguishable from MOND until someone realized that dark matter's signature weak interactions imply that it would behave differently in a collision between galaxies. The ionized gas that makes up the bulk of the visible mass of the galaxies would collide and slow down, while the dark matter of each galaxy would fly right through the other galaxy and keep going. It's possible to view the total amount of matter in this case because matter (dark or ordinary) acts as a gravitational lens- it bends light from even more distant galaxies.

By carefully examining the extent of this lensing, a map of the total amount of matter was revealed. It wasn't in the same place as the light from the ionized gas. In fact, the mass is centered along several lobes outside each galaxy along the direction of their motion, which is exactly what the dark matter hypothesis predicted decades earlier.

I'm not disputing that physical impacts occur – but perhaps you can point me to some images or descriptions of craters caused by such impacts?

  • NASA routinely observes craters being formed on the moon. It's a serious problem for the (possibly) upcoming moon base, so they're trying hard to characterize the impact frequencies and size distributions to keep the colonists safe. Here's the best video I've found that shows an impact.
  • The largest impact in recorded history was the Tunguska event in Russia in 1908. Recently, researchers have claimed that the impact crater is hidden under a lake. I think this is the lake in question, and they're planning to take core samples to confirm this (by searching for the expected ejecta at the right depth).
  • In 1947, a meteorite hit Russia and left several craters, the largest of which was 26m across and 6m deep.
  • In 2007, a meteorite hit Peru , and left a roughly circular crater 13m across and 4.5m deep.

Also, over a thousand meteorites have been recovered after eyewitnesses followed the fireball to the rock. These meteorites show a significantly different chemical makeup than earthly rocks, and the resulting ejecta is spread over a wide area. Thus a chemical fingerprint of a foreign object is recorded. The best known example is Barringer Meteor crater. In 1960, Shoemaker showed that it was caused by a high velocity impact with an iron-nickel asteroid.

Any alternative explanation would have to explain why this ejecta looks so different than the rest of the Earth, and why it looks so similar to meteorites.

Why are the impact craters (say on the moon for arguments sake), pretty much perfectly circular? Unless some sort of atomic type explosion is invoked upon impact -

That's actually a pretty good description of what happens. The kinetic energy of a multi-kiloton rock moving at an orbital velocity is so large that the resulting explosion is sometimes more powerful than even the Tsar Bomba (without the radioactivity).

I can't see how the pretty much all the impacts on the moon would be perpendicular to the moon's surface, considering that the moon has such a weak gravity well, because I figure a lot of those large craters caused by large / fast moving meteorites that should really spread themselves along the moon's surface in the direction the meteorite was traveling.

They're not all perpendicular, it's just that the resulting explosion is relatively spherical regardless of the incoming direction of the meteorite.

And then you have to explain the flat bottoms and ridge walls – which the electrical machining can clearly demonstrate (and the little peak in the middle occasionally – which probably rules out an explosion BTW).

Craters with flat bottoms are larger, commonly known as impact basins due to their size. The larger size results in greater melting of the rocks, which makes the craters flatter. Here's a good site .

All these features have been studied and reproduced both in the lab and in simulations. In the 1960s scientists literally shot big guns at cement and observed craters that matched observations. In 1981 the central peaks were examined in more detail , and explained by the interaction of two shock waves. More recent research is being performed by scientists like Dan Durda: KC-135 microgravity experiments in regolith properties and cratering mechanics, Mark Cintala, Josh Colwell, and Daniel D. Durda. (From here .)

Which has been confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. We can point spectrometers at comets and analyze the spectral fingerprints of the comets, verifying that they're made of water ice.

You're studying for a PhD right – I'll forgive you for not being up on it all ;)

That's fascinating– I didn't catch that discovery. The percentage of water in comets may be lower than I thought before, making the separation between comets and asteroids fuzzier. Interesante. I'd imagine that there are still reasons for comets to be different than asteroids in more circular orbits because comets are continually re-heated when they pass by the Sun, and cross many planets' orbits during their circuits through the inner solar system so they probably accrete more dust.

But spectroscopic measurements of comets have been conclusive: comets contain water. Also, Cassini has literally flown through water plumes from Enceladus which is a moon of Saturn that might be a captured comet. Certainly these new observations push down the likely percentage of water, but it has to be higher than zero otherwise other observations wouldn't make sense.

So if we can't get comet dust right… how much more so exotic particles – don't we only detect 1 a day or something – as a flash of light in a large water container miles underground? (I'm just filling in space here cause I'm having trouble finding the EU's rebuttal.)

We'll always be getting stuff wrong. That I can promise you. But the people doing the comet research aren't the same people detecting neutrinos, and they're using very different physics. I don't see a connection between the two fields that's strong enough to make me think that failures in one field imply anything in particular about the conclusions from the other field…

And you're right– neutrino detection is really difficult. Despite freakishly large detectors, I think your estimate of the flash counts isn't too far off. That's why it takes them a long time to build up enough statistics to rule out this-or-that physical theory. But based on their successes in correlating increases in flash count rates to supernovae, I think the detectors work correctly.

And I'm not saying the Sun doesn't have fusion reactions – it's just that they're not the main power source.

Then you'd have to explain the fact that we see just enough neutrinos from the Sun to account for the fusion-based solar models. Remember that solar physicists (usually regarded as lowly experimentalists) went up against the particle physicists (if physicists had superstars, it would be these guys) and they won . Furthermore, after the particle physicists relented, neutrino oscillation was independently confirmed in at least three different ways.

Neutrinos were predicted to exist long before any direct evidence was found. Pauli actually predicted the existence of neutrinos when analyzing beta decay (a type of nuclear reaction) in 1930. Using nothing more than conservation of energy and momentum, Pauli predicted a particle that wasn't seen until 1956. As far as I know, neutrinos are only created in nuclear reactions. If fusion isn't powering the Sun, those neutrinos are a big mystery.

If the fusion reaction in the center was the source of heat then why is the corona (the outer most atmosphere) orders of magnitude hotter than the Sun's surface (photosphere).

It's interesting that you should bring this up when less than a week ago, a solution to this problem was proposed. Ironically, the explanation could be a type of plasma wave called an Alfven wave, named after Hannes Alfven. Yes, the father of plasma cosmology.

How does the heat get to the corona and stay there without moving back?

Eu non sei. I've tried to figure out if “the electric Sun” can explain this better, but I don't understand the idea that the Sun is charged. The solar wind is neutral- you can confirm that by looking at probe measurements of nuclei and electrons, and they're the same.

Newer, more comprehensive data regarding the solar wind is also available from Ulysses . It confirms that solar wind is electrically neutral, but a charged Sun should only be repelling one type of charge.

The corona's high temperature has been mysterious for a long time; I just don't see any advantage to the electric Sun idea.

But an arc discharge where the energy is coming from the outside I perceive as a less problematic explanation. Combine that with a radial field flattening the solar system due to the incoming energy feeding the Sun – then it does tie in nicely – even if I don't know what I'm talking about ;)

You're in good company; I don't understand that paragraph either.

I'll take the simpler model – which is electrical repulsion. Tends to push things like that. And you have those IO plumes remember…so there's no doubt there's significant electrical charge available.

Electrical forces tend to push charged objects . I think you'd have a lot of trouble reproducing Cassini's optical views of the rings with Cassini's measurements of the electric field in the Saturnian system. I encourage you to try, but note that Io is a moon of Jupiter, not Saturn.

Also, the simplest model makes the fewest assumptions. The weird gravitational effects I'm describing don't really make any more assumptions than Newton did when he conceived inverse square gravity. It's just that in a rotating coordinate system, inverse square gravity has counterintuitive results when multiple objects are placed in “orbital resonances.”

Furthermore, it only makes sense to compare the simplicity of two models if their predictions both match the experimental results. I've seen proof that inverse square gravity can account for the gaps in Saturn's ring system, but I haven't seen any equivalent proof for an electromagnetic origin. I also still don't understand where all these charges come from, and why they don't just become neutral by attracting opposite charges.

What's more is that the ring reforms too. Gravity just doesn't do that – I don't care how much math you throw at it ;)

What, exactly, do you mean by “reforms”? Why, exactly, is gravity unable to do that?

And that wouldn't be similiar math to the one that has the bug-hole paradox in it? Or the barn-pole one? I'm sorry but paradoxes particularly like those tell me there's something wrong somewhere… (in the model – not reality … *plugs ears so doesn't have to enter philosphical debates on reality*).

First, you're describing special relativity, not math itself. Second, the math involved in special relativity is almost entirely unrelated to the math used to describe the orbital resonances that connect Saturnian moons with gaps in the ring system.

Third, the barn-pole paradox isn't really a paradox. It's an “apparent” paradox, which means it violates common sense but isn't internally inconsistent (which is how I'd define the term “paradox” in the context you're using the word).

Special relativity is one of the most beautiful ( IMHO ) theories in physics. It's completely at odds with common sense, and those quirks are given names like “twin paradox” and “barn-pole paradox” but the theory has stood the test of time for over a century. It's also one of the few “advanced” topics that can be approached without much mathematics. I've tried to provide an introduction in this article .

The gist of the barn-pole paradox is that relativity of simultaneity causes the person holding the pole to measure the front and the back doors to open and close at different times, while the person standing still in the barn measures them opening and closing simultaneously. It's bizarre, even infuriatingly nonsensical. But it's got experimentally testable consequences: GPS devices wouldn't work correctly if special relativity was wrong, because they need to take time dilation of the satellite network into account to calculate the position of the GPS receiver in your car. (A separate correction accounts for general relativistic effects.)

A good example of a genuine paradox is the grandfather paradox . This kind of internal inconsistency prompts many physicists to be skeptical of time travel. But it's nothing like the “apparent” paradoxes in special relativity.

Your explanation opens up a giant can of worms.

But if you don't ask the questions, people generally don't start to think of the answers… and they just keep accepting the high priests (peer reviewed) version of reality ;)

I'm not telling you to stop asking questions. I'm just saying that I think your proposal conflicts with nearly every experimental result that I've seen.

I'll try to answer your questions as best I can, but the reality is that I've got serious problems with my research and I'm wondering if I'll be able to graduate after all… I should really be working on my program right now.

Apparently plasma effects scale really well (electric machining micro craters to craters on the moon – I know at this point you may not accept that – or planetary Lichtenberg figures perhaps but I'm dying here due to lack of sleep…). And plasma doesn't just 'cancel out' charges – see the Birkeland currents / plasma sheaths for starters.

Yes, I'm aware that electromagnetic phenomena exist. It's just that as far as I can tell, the electric universe is saying that electromagnetism is responsible for: the shape of Saturn's rings, the light from the Sun, the shape of the galaxy, all the craters in existence, etc. I don't see any reason to think that any of the currently accepted explanations for these phenomena are fundamentally wrong, let alone all of them. Furthermore, in order to fix these “problems,” they're postulating the existence of huge charges and voltage differences between planets and stars that just don't make any sense to me.

You need billions of years for:

  1. Evolución
  2. Gravitationally based solar system stability
  3. Geological weathering through water & wind

That ties biology, geology & astrophysics. The weight against saying such & such an event happened in a much shorter time frame in one field is caused by the other two. However, in my opinion (iamadumbnonscientist) all 3 fields could be reduced to a shorter timespan through the electric universe concepts & creation/ID.

At the cost of having to explain (among many other things):

  1. Primordial element abundances such as the 25% abundance of helium-4, which is a specific prediction of Big Bang nucleosynthesis .
  2. The WMAP cosmic microwave background. Why does its angular power spectrum indicate an age for the universe that's 13.7 billion years, plus or minus 200 million? Why is it so isotropic (the same in every direction) down to the 10 -5 level?
  3. Isochron dating results of old rocks, which depend only on nuclear decay rates being constant in time. Isochron dating isn't dependent on initial quantities of elements, and the analysis method automatically produces error bars on the obtained age. The oldest rocks we have agree that the Earth is 4.55 billion years old, plus or minus 100 million years or so.

Just to be clear, we can't be sure that nuclear decay rates are exactly constant. But experiments have placed constraints on the size of any variation in decay rates:

  1. Supernovae produce many radioactive elements which slowly decay after the explosion. At first they shine brightly in a spectroscopically unique manner, but over the course of several weeks they fade to half their previous brightness. The amount of time it takes the brightness to fade is a direct measurement of the nuclear decay rate. The best example is supernova 1987A, which lies ~169,000 LY away. That means that when scientists looked at that light in 1987, they were measuring the nuclear decay rate as it was around 169,000 years ago. The results were experimentally indistinguishable from current decay rates, and have been confirmed by similar experiments on SN1991T , which is 60,000,000 light years away.
  2. The Oklo natural nuclear reactor left evidence that can be used to determine the fine structure constant and neutron capture rates, both intimately entwined with quantum mechanics' predictions of nuclear decay rates. This experiment is more ambiguous and as a result the error bars are much larger than the SN1987A constraint, but it's also consistent with a constant nuclear decay rate. Since the Oklo reactor was active 1.8 billion years ago, the Oklo evidence only supports a change in the fine structure constant of one part in 10 million over that timespan.
  3. The increase in nuclear decay rates necessary to increase the “apparent age” of rocks from thousands to billions of years is enormous . This decay rate would make all the mildly radioactive elements in the Earth decay faster, releasing enough heat to melt the crust. It would still be molten to this day unless God made a cosmically sized refrigerator to cool it down fast enough to fit into the creationist timeline.
  4. Any change in nuclear decay rates would have to affect all types of nuclear decay identically, otherwise isotopes that decay by different mechanisms (alpha, beta, neutron emission, etc) would've decayed at different rates. If these rates changed differently, it would cause isochron dates of the same object but using different isotopes to disagree. To the best of my knowledge, that's never happened.
  5. If nuclear decay rates have changed, then why do ice cores like the one taken at Vostok, Antarctica show agreement between annual layer counts and isochron age? A change in nuclear decay rates wouldn't affect the annual temperature fluctuations that form the basis of the annual layer counts, so the two different methods of dating the same (~400,000 year old) ice core should be different. They aren't.

If all these concerns can be adequately explained by a young Earth model, I'd be interested to hear about it.



Written by Marble on March 27, 2009 at 12:05 AM

Ahh… nice. All good stuff.

Ok – for brevity (and the sake of your PhD) I propose to drill down on only two items for now (if you have any time remaining to waste).

  1. Crater creation – which is one of the most personally compelling arguments for me and both sides can claim reproducibility to some extent.
  2. Speed of light variance outside of the solar system – mainly because this is key to my understanding of some concepts I have under development – so I really want to be convinced that this can be ruled out.

Currently at work – so I'll digest your replies this evening hopefully. This was just to let you know how I was thinking of proceeding. I had been toying with the idea of getting a physics degree (particularly plasma physics and electromagnetic radiation) – but cost money and I've got a family to upkeep.

On the side – You saw the 'unexpected' supernova event report on slashdot today? (1st article when I opened it at lunch time funnily enough). Not saying that all theories don't have to predict everything – but this isn't by any stretch an isolated incident in astronomy… which is what contributes to my skeptism that it's hanging together as well as you portray / been portrayed to you.

You've also got me wondering if people/scientists are lulled into a false sense of security by error bars too. You were saying previously for distance error was within some x% – but then Andromeda has just turned out to be twice as large (unrelated calculations I realize) – but how big were the error bars on the initial estimate for Andromeda? I'm guessing they weren't 100%. But I think you'll obviously agree that ultimately error bars give no guarantee of true error – just of known error within the calculation. So I'm just saying that error bars in themselves give no real assurance of ongoing predictability of the theory. Obviously if all represented data fits within them – fantastic. But you can make a mathematical function for any set of arbitrary data and have very small error retrospectively – but its predictability will be up the creek (over fitted models basically).



Written by Dumb Scientist on March 27, 2009 at 6:45 AM

a) Crater creation – which is one of the most personally compelling arguments for me and both sides can claim reproducibility to some extent.

Frankly, I'm not the right person to ask regarding craters. I was able to find references to this work, but I've never studied the equations governing supersonic shock waves. Until I do, I'm completely ignorant of this subject and can't help you beyond showing you where to continue your research.

b) Speed of light variance outside of the solar system – mainly because this is key to my understanding of some concepts I have under development – so I really want to be convinced that this can be ruled out.

I'm much more familiar with optics and relativity, so discussing this subject will be more productive.

Currently at work – so I'll digest your replies this evening hopefully. This was just to let you know how I was thinking of proceeding. I had been toying with the idea of getting a physics degree (particularly plasma physics and electromagnetic radiation) – but cost money and I've got a family to upkeep.

Considering the questions you're asking, that would probably be the only way to find rigorous answers. Keep in mind that plasma physics is a highly advanced topic, so you'll need a 4 year degree in general physics, then at least a year of graduate courses in electrodynamics ( Jackson's textbook is standard, but supplement it with Griffith's E&M book because it's simpler and will help provide a grounding in the basics).

Then you'll get to the plasma physics classes. I don't want to discourage you, but I feel the need to be honest about the difficulty of the task in front of you.

On the side – You saw the 'unexpected' supernova event report on slashdot today? (1st article when I opened it at lunch time funnily enough). Not saying that all theories don't have to predict everything – but this isn't by any stretch an isolated incident in astronomy… which is what contributes to my skepticism that it's hanging together as well as you portray / been portrayed to you.

Yes, we'll always be surprised by something. Our theories will always have flaws. Once that stops being true, physics will be rather boring.

I think it's important to gauge how big these flaws are, relative to how many phenomena are satisfactorily explained by the theory in question. Isaac Asimov wrote a great essay on this subject.

You've also got me wondering if people/scientists are lulled into a false sense of security by error bars too. You were saying previously for distance error was within some x% – but then Andromeda has just turned out to be twice as large (unrelated calculations I realize)

  1. I'ma physicist, not an astronomer.
  2. I explicitly made those error bar estimates vague because I was pulling them off the top of my head (I never got proxy servers working, so I need to go into work to access the journals, and a blizzard just hit my town…)
  3. The size of our galaxy (not Andromeda) was apparently off by a factor of 2. That's because we have to peer through the Milky Way's dusty central bulge to see the other side, and the parallax measurements are very tricky. Other galaxies (such as Andromeda) are much easier to analyze.
  4. There's a big difference between 2 and 1,000,000.

- but how big were the error bars on the initial estimate for Andromeda? I'm guessing they weren't 100%. But I think you'll obviously agree that ultimately error bars give no guarantee of true error – just of known error within the calculation. So I'm just saying that error bars in themselves give no real assurance of ongoing predictability of the theory. Obviously if all represented data fits within them – fantastic. But you can make a mathematical function for any set of arbitrary data and have very small error retrospectively – but its predictability will be up the creek (over fitted models basically).

  1. It's true that all error bars assume some underlying model is true. Scientists try to make this underlying model as simple and general as possible. For example, errors are usually assumed to be drawn from a so-called normal distribution (also called a Gaussian distribution).
  2. Error bars generally express uncertainty in terms of “sigma” or the standard deviation of those errors. So when a scientist says “plus or minus 10%” she's probably using a 1-sigma error bar, which means something very specific. It means that given the data and the finite precision of her instruments, there's a 68% chance that the quantity being measured lies within 10% of the stated value. Of course, that means there's a 32% chance that the quantity actually lies outside “1 sigma” or “1 standard deviation” error bars.
  3. If you look carefully at the normal distribution, you'll see that the probability of the actual quantity being within 2 standard deviations is 95.45%. Similarly, it's 99.9999999997440% certain that the actual quantity is within 7 standard deviations.
  4. Your million-fold alteration of physics isn't impossible, just very unlikely. So unlikely, in fact, that I can't calculate the probability that the actual value of the speed of light (or the age of the universe, or the distance to the stars or galaxies) is outside 1,000,000 standard deviations. This calculation needs to be performed in arbitrary precision arithmetic, because even 64-bit double floats aren't going to be precise enough to hold such a small number…
Last modified August 13th, 2009
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38 Responses to “A Conversation Regarding the “Electric Universe””

  1. I've put some more thought into the idea that light travels faster outside our solar system. In order to allow us to see objects 13,000,000,000 light years away in the 6,000 years allowed by young earth creationism, light would have to travel ~2,000,000 times faster outside our solar system. But some young earth creationists assert that the universe is ~10,000 years old, so I'll assume Marble means that light travels a mere 1,000,000 times faster in the outside universe.

    Total internal reflection imposes the strictest constraint on the size and geometry of the boundary layer between the external universe (where light travels a million times faster than we measure) and the region containing the solar system (where light travels at 299,792,458 m/s). If the boundary reflected any light from the sun, the solar system would be a super-heated pressure cooker due to all the trapped radiation. A gradual boundary layer like the one in a moth's eyes would reduce this problem, but most boundaries reflect more light at higher incidence angles. A spherical boundary layer centered on the sun would minimize these reflections, so let's examine the physical consequences of that particular geometry of the boundary layer.

    A point source in the exact center of a glass marble won't undergo total internal reflection. But the sun isn'ta point source– it's 700,000 km in radius. Using the small angle approximation, that means the boundary has to be at least 1,000,000 times larger than the sun so that light from the edge of the sun isn't totally internally reflected. (A boundary this small would risk totally internally reflecting x-rays from the corona, but let's ignore that problem for brevity's sake.)

    A spherical boundary layer with an index of refraction of 1,000,000 would focus all EM radiation into the center of the sun. That means the earth can't drift into the focus and be fried by radiation. But the extrasolar radiation would be intensified by a factor of ~20,000,000 at the earth's orbit if the boundary is 1,000,000 times larger than the sun.

    Also, fish see the world above the water through “Snell's Window.” The fact that light travels 25% slower in water than air refracts light from the sky as it enters the water, compressing the entire sky into a circular window 96 degrees wide.

    This effect will also occur in your scenario, but it will be much more pronounced because light travels a million times slower inside the boundary. Again using the small angle approximation, the “Snell's Window” for your boundary would be 0.000000035 degrees wide. So light from the outside universe would be concentrated into a tiny, ultrabright spot in the sky directly opposite the sun.

    Finally, cosmic rays in the outside universe would be limited by the higher speed of light in that region, otherwise special relativity needs to be rewritten. The particles traveling faster than “our” speed of light would probably emit Cerenkov radiation upon crossing the boundary layer into our region, which would cause the entire sky to shimmer

    • A friend just reminded me that there are other questions raised by your proposal. The speed of light is tied to the permittivity and permeability of free space. Which is changing, and how? This would alter electrodynamics; wouldn't the spectra of other stars look different than the sun's?

  2. Marble posted on 2009-04-08 at 08:28

    I've been going through the crater formation links you provided and have been mulling them over. I must admit that the initial cement crater image is a good lookalike for some moon ones (although it's a shame the image quality is so poor in that document). I have a couple of thoughts that I'm still pulling together on them and the other link that I'll share soon.

    Here's a couple of questions for you that you'll have to suspend your disbelief filter to answer. I've been pondering these over the last couple of days – so I'd be grateful if you think about them seriously (and I suspect you will). I'll mention now that this is the start of my 1000000 fold alteration of physics but with these questions – you'd expect nothing less ;) I think the theory should be easily falsifiable and of massive scientific & commercial importance if demonstrated to have merit. Text removed at Marble's request.

    BTW – I didn't know this before tonight…

    Anomalous increase of the AU

    The orbits of the planets are constantly expanding outward from the sun because the sun is losing mass by radiating away energy[3], which has led to calls to abandon the AU as a unit of measurement[4]. Now recent measurements indicate that the secular increase of the AU is larger than can be accounted for by solar mass loss[5][6].

    • Reply text removed at Marble's request.

      The truth is I don't have enough time to look into these questions in detail. I'm struggling to phrase an answer to your last ID comment regarding HGT (it will probably require a new article) in between my research obligations. I also just wasted an entire day arguing climate change on slashdot, and this obsessive personality quirk is something I need to learn to restrain or I won't have any time left for the stuff I'm getting paid to look at.

      Anomalous increase of the AU

      Yes, there are quite a few strange things happening in the solar system. The “Pioneer anomaly” shows that gravity may behave differently at extremely large distances (a type of MOND, I suppose, but the evidence is ambiguous) and the “flyby anomaly” which is even weirder.

      • Marble posted on 2009-04-08 at 17:34

        All I'm asking for is the 1 minute to read it, say 'rubbish' or 'there's too many holes' and that can be the end of it. Text removed at Marble's request.

        • Text removed at Marble's request.

          Reply text removed at Marble's request.

          All I'm asking for is the 1 minute to read it, say 'rubbish' or 'there's too many holes' and that can be the end of it.

          I think you're seriously underestimating the time it takes to properly analyze these ideas. And as you've seen, I'm chronically unable to say 'rubbish' and leave it at that.

          Having said that, if you can summarize the ideas in a half-page or so, I'll think about them. I can't promise an immediate reply, but neither will I share it with anyone.

          I feel compelled to note that you'll have to directly address the predictions I've made based on analyzing the boundary layer in order to hold my interest. You'll have to show why “fast light outside the solar system” doesn't lead to those physical consequences. Otherwise a simple glance at the night sky confirms that the speed of light is uniform.

          Maybe I've made some hidden incorrect assumptions in deducing those predictions, but I can't find them. Refraction is all that's being relied upon for most of the predictions, and refraction is a direct result of conservation of energy at the boundary layer. A spherical geometry of the boundary layer would imply a blank sky except for a solitary source of deadly radiation in the night sky directly opposite the Sun. Perhaps another geometry of the boundary layer would look slightly more normal, but I can't think of any configuration that would match what my naked eye can see.

        • Marble posted on 2009-04-08 at 20:43

          Grazas.

          Hopefully it will hold your interest on its own merit.

          It does directly relate to the variability of light and yes – I agree, the concerns you raised need to be addressed. On that I'll just note that there is no distinct boundary layer as such. I'll be arguing that light speed (in a vacuum) is directly proportional to the absolute value of gravity at that point (the absolute summing of the scalar components of gravitational vectors). So, for example, I'm suggesting that the speed of light at Lagrange points will be slower because while the gravity vectors cancel out, it's the absolute value that dictates the speed of light. (Note I'm not referencing the Doppler effect at all). So basically light speed is faster the further away it is from the (absolute) gravitational effect of mass.

          Falsifiable prediction #1: The speed of light (and hence atomic clock ticking) is slower at a Lagrange point .

          Falsifiable prediction #2: Atomic clock ticking will be appropriately slower at a Lagrange point, whereas relativity (I think – correct me if I'm wrong) would say that it should tick faster due to the low gravity environment.

          Falsifiable prediction #3: e=mc^2 will also reflect the lightspeed change etc.

          Of course of more interest / more importance is how gravity works – and my justification for why gravity and light are interrelated (yes – I think I can unify gravity & EM somewhat more than just the Doppler effect) as I have outlined above. I want to take a little longer to put down, but I haven't seen it postulated as a theory on the web (at least in a format I understand). And (of course) it doesn't need to appeal to complex mathematics for the basic concept of how it works.

          So anyway – I'm not sure if that alters some of your objections to the internal reflection argument. I've been trying to visualize the effect of internal reflection (and even the focusing of star light at the sun – that was a good one) and how that would look in the scenario above – but I think I'm going to have to put down some drawings and plot lines.

        • Grazas. Hopefully it will hold your interest on its own merit.

          You're right, that was interesting. It's definitely falsifiable science, too.

          It does directly relate to the variability of light and yes – I agree, the concerns you raised need to be addressed. On that I'll just note that there is no distinct boundary layer as such.

          Which eliminates the problem of total internal reflection, but it's a close enough analogy to the gradual lensing of the earth's atmosphere that I don't think any of the refraction related effects will change significantly.

          I'll be arguing that light speed (in a vacuum) is directly proportional to the absolute value of gravity at that point (the absolute summing of the scalar components of gravitational vectors).

          Okay, so you're talking about a general effect that applies to all stars. I previously thought you were singling out our sun alone for the region of slow lightspeed. In that case, all the weird effects I've described would be visible around other stars. Nearby stars would focus light from other, more distant stars in extreme ways (in the case of a slowdown of 1,000,000 around Earth relative to interstellar space).

          We do observe gravitational lensing around galaxies and (occasionally) black holes that drift directly in front of farther stars, but that's a direct effect of the fact that general relativity bends light without slowing it down. It's also a much smaller effect than a lens with an index of refraction of 1,000,000 would cause.

          I'ma little confused as to what you mean when you say absolute summing. Do you mean taking the lengths of all the vectors and adding them up separately? That would result in a value that would be positive everywhere (because it doesn't depend on the direction those vectors are pointing, so doesn't allow for cancellation).

          Falsifiable prediction #1: The speed of light (and hence atomic clock ticking) is slower at a Lagrange point.

          I think I have my answer: you probably do mean that the speed of light at any point is affected by the sum of all the lengths of the gravity vectors at that point, completely ignoring their directions. Perhaps the physical speed of light is determined by taking a theoretical “gravity-less speed of light” (which we don't know because we've never measured lightspeed in a region with absolutely no gravity) and dividing that number by the sum of all those gravity vector lengths, which would imply that the speed of light is essentially infinite when you're very far away from any massive body. The rest of my reply assumes that this paragraph is a correct summary of your idea.

          NASA has been sending probes into space for decades, and they're linked to earth by radio signals. The delay in those radio signals is used to calculate an astounding number of subtle effects, and the delay is independently cross-checked with the Doppler-induced phase shift of the radio frequency.

          Anomalies have appeared, such as the “Pioneer anomaly” and the “flyby anomaly” (no time for links, but googling those terms should be effective). But they're very small errors, and if I recall correctly they don't show the type of effect you're predicting. That's because your effect would show up every day in missions like Cassini. Cassini regularly flies in between us and Lagrange points, and that means the radio delay would anomalously jump by some value because the speed of light would be lower in the region the radio signal passed through to get to us.

          I don't think that's the best test, though. That's because Lagrange points are only special because the two strongest gravity vectors point in roughly opposite directions. Points slightly outside of Lagrange points have very similar absolute sums of the lengths of those gravity vectors, so your proposed mechanism has little to do with Lagrange points. Plus, gravity vectors only partially cancel even at Lagrange points– centripetal acceleration plays a large role which is more evident in L4 and L5 than in L1.

          A better test would be to say that Cassini signals that pass near Jupiter on its way back to earth would provide different delays than if it was at the same distance, but without a massive planet in between us. I don't think that's happened, but I haven't checked in detail.

          Falsifiable prediction #2: Atomic clock ticking will be appropriately slower at a Lagrange point, whereas relativity (I think – correct me if I'm wrong) would say that it should tick faster due to the low gravity environment.

          Off the top of my head, I'm not sure. I'm familiar with special relativity, but general relativity is much more complicated and would require some deep thinking.

          So anyway – I'm not sure if that alters some of your objections to the internal reflection argument. I've been trying to visualize the effect of internal reflection (and even the focusing of star light at the sun – that was a good one) and how that would look in the scenario above – but I think I'm going to have to put down some drawings and plot lines.

          It eliminates the total internal reflection objection, but all the other refraction related effects should be unchanged. It would take a while to calculate the changes to my predictions based on this new gradual effect, but I don't see them changing significantly.

        • Marble posted on 2009-04-08 at 21:48

          Just a thought – how would the lensing affect parallax measurements of stars? I'm still of the opinion that the speeding up of light causes us to overestimate how far the stars actually are. So also any calculations based on their 'known' distances are doomed to failure because of the constant c assumption. Likewise with probes & satellites – aren't the distance measurements to those relying on a constant speed of light too? (Radar/radio signals etc) Anyway – don't spend too much time on that. Part 2 is yet to come.

        • Just a thought – how would the lensing affect parallax measurements of stars? I'm still of the opinion that the speeding up of light causes us to overestimate how far the stars actually are.

          It would… kind of. The problem is that a speedup of 1,000,000 would produce such a bizarre night sky that I have trouble even thinking about it. Suppose, instead, that light only speeds up outside our solar system by 0.03% (same as the gradual air-vacuum boundary layer).

          This would indeed make stars appear to be farther away. That's because parallax measurements create a triangle with the base being defined by the positions of earth at opposite sides of the sun, and the top being defined by the other star. The angle at the other star is tiny – less than a thousandth of a degree. The parallax measurement is only possible because our telescopes are precise enough to tell the difference between a 0.0000 degree angle (which would be infinitely far away) and a 0.0001 degree angle (which would be merely far away). This technique simply yields an angle of 0.0000– and thus a distance of infinity which is interpreted as “too far away to tell with parallax”– for objects that are very far away, such as objects that are entirely outside our galaxy.

          If light was faster outside the solar system, the light wouldn't travel in a straight line from the other star. It would be focused by the gradual boundary layer. This means our telescopes would record the path the light took after being bent, so the triangle would appear to have a smaller angle- and thus the distance to the stars would be artificially increased. The real triangle (measured with straight lines) would have a larger angle so the real distance to the star would be smaller. The apparent triangle (as drawn by our scientists based on the directions the light rays had been curved into) would have a smaller angle and imply that the star was farther away than it actually was.

          But even such a small (0.03%) increase in the speed of light would have baffling consequences. Increasing lightspeed above a small threshold (which I don't have time to calculate) wouldn't result in a triangle at all when the measurements were made at 6 month intervals. In other words, the star's light would appear to be coming from two completely distinct places in the sky. For an extreme case, remember that a 1,000,000x increase implies that the star's light would hit earth from completely opposite directions!

          This wouldn't look even remotely like a parallax effect– it would clearly be a lensing effect. There's a big difference between diverging light (which can yield a parallax distance), plane wave light (which is too far away for parallax) and converging light (which makes no astrophysical sense without a giant lens around the Sun).

          So also any calculations based on their 'known' distances are doomed to failure because of the constant c assumption. Likewise with probes & satellites – aren't the distance measurements to those relying on a constant speed of light too?

          That's a little complicated. The scientific definition of a “meter” was changed in 1983 to the distance that light travels in 1 / 299,792,458 of a second. But that doesn't mean physicists have written this assumption into stone. You can find papers exploring speed of light variability in the journals (billions of times smaller than your variability, but variability nonetheless).

          Instead of removing this subject from the bounds of scientific discussion, it's simply changed the language. In modern physics, speed of light variability is expressed as a variation in the index of refraction of free space. All experiments performed to date agree that the vacuum in every place we've looked has an index of refraction that is indistinguishable from “1.00…”

          So scientists performing these distance measurements are well aware that lightspeed may not be constant. The engineers working on the probe missions may not care about this rather esoteric debate, but what I'm trying to say is that a deviation from constancy would stand out in their data in an obvious manner. Like I said, probes that appear to pass behind Jupiter would send radio signals implying that the probes moved in ways not predicted by their gravitational calculations (because the radio signal would be focused by the change in lightspeed around Jupiter) and the radio delay would suddenly change (a direct result of the change in lightspeed around Jupiter).

          I'll stress that these two anomalies are evidence that the engineers working on these probe missions aren't making any foolhardy assumptions. I have enormous respect for the work they do, and I'm continually surprised by the subtle anomalies they've brought to the attention of the physics community. But I think gravity-dependent lightspeed would create totally different anomalies which haven't been seen.

          That said, I do think it's an interesting idea. It might even be true on a very small scale- lightspeed might change by something like a millionth as gravity decreases to zero in intergalactic space. My only real concern is with the scale you're proposing for the increase in the speed of light, and the mind-twisting effects it would have on the night sky.

        • Marble posted on 2009-04-09 at 00:11

          BTW – I'm not attached to this 10^6 number for increase c – I think that got munged into our discussion somewhere back a bit – but that wasn'ta figure I ever had in mind. I'd like to think that mon 838 nova is still dust expanding rather than a light echo for example – so what ever is required for that to be true is where I'd be heading.

          We've got the Easter holidays this weekend (4 day weekend) – so I should get that final part to you in the next couple of days.

        • All those bizarre effects would show up even in the case of a slowdown much less pronounced than the one you're describing. Just pick any slowdown factor and redo the calculations (like Snell's window) that I did in my first comment to prove this to yourself.

        • Marble posted on 2009-04-11 at 07:59

          Prologue

          Basically I've never been able to go past the fact that light waves behave so much like sound waves – I find it too hard to believe that light is anything but a wave propagating through some medium (at least too hard to believe when I'm not convinced the alternatives have been fully explored).

          But then you encounter the empirically confirmed behaviours of General & Special relativity. Which generally provide no 'real' explanation of their behaviour, but instead are more a mathematical description. I include space-time in general as this aspect is a more abstract invention to aid the calculations. And so while some people claim that the aether then falls to Occam's razor, I disagree in that they are not fairly applying the rule. A mathematical description without an accompanying explanation of the underlying reality is only half the story and the razor must be stayed because it can only be applied when comparing like to like.

          Text removed at Marble's request. These particles have a size around the order of magnitude of the size of electrons.

          A proposed alternative explanation for gravity, removed at Marble's request.

          Moreover, I postulate that this aether described is also the medium that the light travels through as waves. The 'quantized' component of light and its particle nature coming from the discrete nature of the aether particle itself.

          A connection between the Casimir effect and aether, removed at Marble's request.

          More Casimir effect and aether discussion removed at Marble's request.

          As the medium supports light, it also is the source of magnetic fields. Text removed at Marble's request.

          This is why magnetic fields 'saturate', as there is a limit on the number of aether particles in a particular area. Text removed at Marble's request.

          I could go on with a number of other 'high level' explanations of other phenomena, and there's a stack more interesting observations that can be made from this as a base. Text removed at Marble's request. My favoured thought on this is that light is a longitudinal wave of aether particles Text removed at Marble's request.

          Anyway – now you can see my thoughts on the variability of the speed of light. I've got more thoughts on all of this I'd like to burble on about – but I'll leave it there for now.

        • Basically I've never been able to go past the fact that light waves behave so much like sound waves – I find it too hard to believe that light is anything but a wave propagating through some medium (at least too hard to believe when I'm not convinced the alternatives have been fully explored).

          Everyone else found it difficult to believe in the 1890s too, but Michelson-Morley showed that any aether theory has to be really weird. The aether has to be dragged by the earth so that our velocity isn't apparent. It has to be the most rigid substance ever (wave frequency is proportional to the medium's rigidity) but not exert any force on the earth as it moves through the aether. Otherwise we'd have spiraled into the sun eons ago.

          Furthermore, speed of light tests performed across the solar system show no absolute velocity effects, which is essentially a repeat of the Michelson-Morley experiment, but across interplanetary distances. Dragging the aether is no longer as simple as Stokes and Miller once thought.

          Physicists abandoned the aether for good reasons nearly a century before I was born.

          But then you encounter the empirically confirmed behaviours of General & Special relativity. Which generally provide no 'real' explanation of their behaviour, but instead are more a mathematical description.

          I think that's a misconception. Lorentz transformations contain nearly all the math of special relativity, and were developed as a “real explanation” of Michelson-Morley's results. They claimed that nature conspired in just the right way to fake the Michelson-Morley result, squishing objects and making clocks run slow when moving through the aether.

          This math is identical in special relativity, but Einstein gave it a different “real” explanation: the structure of our universe is such that there is no aether, and no need for an absolute frame of reference. The speed of light is the only constant- every observer in the universe measures it to have the same value of 299,792,458 m/s. In order for everyone to measure lightspeed to be the same value, one aspect of Galilean relativity had to be altered .

          I don't see how this explanation is any less “real” than Lorentz's explanation. It's less intuitive, but so is the fact that orbiting spacecraft need to slow down in order to speed up (yes, you read that right). Doesn't make either fact any less true.

          Text removed at Marble's request. These particles have a size around the order of magnitude of the size of electrons.

          Reply text removed at Marble's request.

          Also, the size of the electron is a very tricky thing to define. Unlike a proton which is made up of 3 quarks and thus has substructure, experiments with electrons have never revealed substructure so they're probably fundamental particles. As a result, electrons don't really have a “size” in the normal sense of the word:

          • A free electron's DeBroglie wavelength at experimentally accessible momenta is much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. That's why electron microscopes have much higher resolution than light microscopes.
          • An electron bound to a proton has a characteristic size known as the Bohr radius .
          • The Compton wavelength describes the length scale at which non-relativistic quantum mechanics breaks down and relativistic quantum electrodynamics is necessary.
          • The classical electron radius isn't defined by quantum mechanics but rather uses classical electrodynamics to estimate the size an electron be if its mass is due entirely to electrostatic potential energy.

          A proposed alternative explanation for gravity, removed at Marble's request.

          Scott Adams once said that there is no gravity, it's just that all the objects in the universe double in size every second, so when we jump into the air the expanding earth pushes against our expanding bodies in such a way that we appear to fall down to the ground. We don't notice this constant expansion because everything grows at the same rate, including our rulers.

          His idea was cute, and it was interesting to play around with it for a couple of minutes. But he didn't seem to realize that gravitational physics is 300 years old. He not only needed to explain how that resulted in an inverse-square approximation, but he also needed to explain Lagrange points, the precession of Mercury's orbit, and the orbital decay of binary pulsars due to energy loss from gravitational waves. He also needed to explain the gravitational deflection of starlight, and why it matches general relativity rather than a combination of Newtonian gravity and special relativity.

          A connection between the Casimir effect and aether, removed at Marble's request.

          Reply text removed at Marble's request. Since the Casimir effect only works with conductive matter, it seems like these new particles of yours depend on the conductivity of the matter Reply text removed at Marble's request.

          Experiments have ruled out that idea.

          More Casimir effect and aether discussion removed at Marble's request.

          That's very similar to the mainstream explanation, except virtual photons aren't able to exist inside the gap because of Maxwell's equations. It doesn't require new particles, and the conventional explanation accounts for the conductivity dependence.

          Moreover, I postulate that this aether described is also the medium that the light travels through as waves. The 'quantized' component of light and its particle nature coming from the discrete nature of the aether particle itself.

          As the medium supports light, it also is the source of magnetic fields. Text removed at Marble's request.

          This is why magnetic fields 'saturate', as there is a limit on the number of aether particles in a particular area.

          Saturation is just a ferro-magnetic thing. It depends on the properties of matter, not space. For instance, magnetars have magnetic fields hundreds of thousands of times stronger than anything we've made so far.

          I could go on with a number of other 'high level' explanations of other phenomena, and there's a stack more interesting observations that can be made from this as a base.

          Yes… I'm sure you could. But high level explanations are the “pointy haired boss” of the physics community. The pointy haired boss doesn't know what those funny squiggles and semicolons on your monitor mean. They're ridiculous gibberish to him, which is why he talks endlessly about anything but real, technical matters. He demands that programmers speak in simple English and avoid talking about the internals of their programs.

          This is okay in one sense because people shouldn't need to understand pointers to use MS Word. But it's dangerous to take this approach too far because eventually the pointy haired boss comes to believe that the high level explanations contain the same information content that the programmers get from their source code.

          They don't, not by a long shot. Low level explanations are necessary, such as details of memory management techniques, or which algorithm will provide logarithmic rather than quadratic scaling for a database search. Even lower level explanations like the best method to code a search algorithm from scratch are sometimes necessary if you think that existing search algorithms aren't good enough. But the pointy haired boss can't possibly program that, because all he understands are the high level explanations. He just wants the program to be shiny and run fast , so he thinks it's bizarre that those simpleton programmers can't just finish it in an afternoon .

          A programmer can't get away with that level of abstraction, though. If you need to search a database, you carefully look at all the search algorithms available at a low level. Then you (probably) choose one of those algorithms or (less likely) write one from scratch. What you don't do is sit down at the computer for the very first time, grab an introductory copy of VisualBASIC, and start coding a brand new search algorithm for serious commercial use. You might out-do every other search algorithm on the planet if your name is Linus Torvalds, but it's more likely that you'll reinvent the wheel. A slightly crooked wheel, too, compared to modern algorithms.

          Don't do that. Life's too damned short to reinvent the wheel. Look at the last century of physics at a low-level perspective, and look at all the work that's been done by people who had very similar ideas to yours. You were right to suggest that this will require a physics BS, but it will likely require more than that- some of these topics definitely require graduate math and physics classes. This is a HARD task, but I've found it very rewarding (albeit after leaving many head-shaped holes in my wall because of Jackson's homework problems…)

        • Marble posted on 2009-04-20 at 10:23

          Sorry it's taken me so long to reply – but having said that I'm sure you're putting your time to better use rescuing your PhD ;)

          Text removed at Marble's request.

          Replying to one other of your points -

          It has to be the most rigid substance ever (wave frequency is proportional to the medium's rigidity) but not exert any force on the earth as it moves through the aether. Otherwise we'd have spiraled into the sun eons ago.

          Given that the planet's orbits are unexpectedly increasing (earth's at 10m/cy according to this article ), we're certainly in no danger of spiraling into the sun. So I'll point out that any drag upon the earth via aether could be masked by this phenomena. (As an aside – if I've got that unit right (cy = calendar year?), and making the large assumption of no change to the radial increase, 4 billion years ago the earth would have been at Venus' current orbit. Life is postulated to have appeared around 3.5b years ago – so I guess extremophiles starting up give more complex life bit more breathing space allowing the earth to come to a more hospitable distance… Ahh – but wouldn't the oceans have been 'boiled off' before then? Surely they couldn't form so close to the sun – even if the earth is forming from orbital particles – approaching ice particles would have been vaporized right? – so where's the primordial ooze? I didn't realize they meant the ooze was molten lead ;)…sorry – got more distracted there than anticipated.

          Correction by Marble – I now realize that cy stands for centuries – which means I'ma factor of 100 off on my orbital distance calculations. However, it will be interesting to compare the corrected orbital variation with the circumstellar habitable zone taking into account solar luminosity variation.

          The orbital resonance is also an interesting feature of the planets as well that may point to a drag of some description too (otherwise you have a very weak electrical charge / dipole that keeps one half of the moon facing the other way etc – if you want to adhere to a previously more chaotic solar system within the last 10k years.).

          For the sake of closing this already delayed email; I was about to suggest that e=mc2 is not a reflection of matter being created or destroyed Text removed at Marble's request.

          As far as I can tell – this isn't an already existing wheel created by somebody else (aether wind is though). I do keep debating within myself whether this is a worthwhile expenditure of time… being naturally drawn to solving problems (particularly those not yet solved by anyone – rather than those designed to be solved just for the sake of it) I'll probably never abandon it completely unless all my angles of attack end up in defeat. The reality is I need to get cracking on my own software so I can put it to a more certain financially productive use. ;)

          Harking back to an earlier conversation – here's the picture I had in mind when I said that it doesn't matter how much math you throw at gravity – it won't do ' that '. You may want to check the quick time link on that page as well. Of course I'll admit that if you (not you specifically of course) could model that behavior in a simulation – I'd be convinced it was gravity doing that. My intuition about gravity thinks it's unlikely though – but of course, it is fallible.

        • Marble posted on 2009-06-24 at 06:13

          BTW – I saw the slashdot article on the model predicted gravity affect of Saturn's moons causing ripples in the rings. Sounds like another chink in the EU's armour – however I'd love to understand why (as seen in this image ) the waves are not appearing on both before and after the moon on both the inner & outer rings at the same time. Ie what makes the waves switch sides as the moon passes by? (Rhetorical question BTW).

  3. Marble posted on 2009-05-05 at 22:34

    BTW I've stumbled across the Bohm interpretation for QM from a forum thread and was quite happy to see these guys had already headed down the same conceptual path I am want to go.

    I was very excited to see their explanation for the 2 slit experiment, because I already had come to a similar conclusion – although only a 'pointy haired high level one' of course- but effectively I would have explained it as something like a 3d standing wave effect (?-field they call it / pilot wave by another name I think) of aether particles caused by the emitter leading up to the expulsion of each photon / electron etc.

    I also came across Citation #2 ( PDF ) in wikipedia's Bell's Theorem entry 'An intuitive analogy for EPR experiments'. Which is also very interesting and worth me trying to wrap my head around. But I'm glad to see there are (more knowledgeable) people who aren't fond of the 'collapsing wave function' view of reality and despite the consensus view opposes them, I intuitively have to throw in with them. (Like I do with those pesky CO2 global warming skeptics ;)

  4. (Note by Marble: This conversation has been an extract of a private email conversation held with Dumb Scientist and originally was not intended for publication. Subsequently – some parts had been removed at my request that I didn't want to see published in a public forum at this time.)

    (Ed note: I opposed the text removals but eventually decided to release some of the conversation rather than none of it. During the course of those negotiations, I made the following comments which I believe motivated Marble's question.)

    I'm going to have to think about this. Your version cuts out topics I had been collecting notes on for use in my reply… (Ed. note: I went on to describe topics that were removed.)

    I was uncomfortable with this lack of openness from the beginning, but this has thrown me into a moral quandary. I really don't know what to say- you clearly put a lot of time into all this at my request, but if I let my principles slip even a little I'm not sure where that will lead me.

    I'm probably going to be leaving the mainstream scientific field even if I manage to graduate, but that's because I'm appalled at the closed-source habits and the unspoken requirement to publish in journals that charge $20 per article per person rather than returning the knowledge as open-source software/papers to the people who funded it in the first place: the taxpayers.

    Dumb Scientist is my personal refuge from all that. I'll have to put some serious thought into how much I want to compromise on the original vision in order to continue this conversation.

    • Marble posted on 2009-06-09 at 10:24

      From something in your last email – how/why do you view Open Science so passionately? I have a concern about open science being unwaveringly seen as an exclusively a Good Thing. I definitely think people should be educated / critical thinkers – but for example say truly strong AI is eventually created and is 'open sourced'. Strong AI in my opinion would make unscrupulous governments near omnipresent/omnipotent with regards to controlling their populations including censoring all media. Not to mention the impact it would have on warfare. Now I seriously do not want particular countries to get their hands on strong AI (ignoring MAD which fails against suicidal attacks anyway) just taking into consideration their own oppressed populations. I'm not saying democracy is the be all and end all, obviously it isn't – but I'd rather a democracy rise to global power over other forms of government because I think that's the best bet of AI ending up being used altruistically. And for that to happen – (strong) AI at least shouldn't be open science (and definitely not open source ;) ) Along those lines – I have similar concerns if a large enterprise invents AI (eg Sony for arguments sake) which could easily then corner many many markets on their terms. I'm not sure how that'd play out in the end – but you're relying on the benevolence of the shareholders then – who are generally in it for maximal profit anyway…

      • greg posted on 2009-08-13 at 13:49

        Hum, a thought about strong AI: What are the chances for an oppressive (or a democratic, I think it would not make a big difference) government or a greedy corporation to keep a very intelligent (like, much more intelligent than them) slave in an obedient state? Hell, even a cooperative one? Just keeping it from doing whatever it just want?

        Slim, imho…

        True strong AI is, I think, synonymous from almost completely uncontrollable. The best one can hope is, at the initial building stage, add a set of core instinct that will turn out to make humans look like enjoyable pets, or interesting endangered species, or just so cute that they are impossible not to love, or like some slightly senile parent that nonetheless merit respect and love, and should be helped out of what he did when we were small and defenseless (I talk from the point of view of the AI here). And hope that those instincts are sufficiently self-consistent, entertaining and bring more joy than constraints and discomfort so that they are not worth being circumvented/rewritten…

        It could look like the strong AI is a exploitable prisoner at first. I do not see how this could continue for long if the intelligence gap is significant, ie it is a true strong AI qualitatively different from a team of very intelligent humans. Imho it makes as much chance as a pack of very intelligent wolves keeping a human slave to help them beat the other packs and devise clever tactics to bring those big mooses down without getting gutted like last winter…Then, as he was very helpful, why not a wife and children, so that we really become the uber-pack…then…. oups, we have become dogs ;-)

  5. Someone posted on 2010-03-28 at 19:10

    (Ed. note: these comments were copied from a conversation about a map of dark matter from Hubble .)

    Nice pretty picture… especially when you consider it's a picture of something that very possibly doesn't even exist. ...

    • Abcd1234 posted on 2010-03-28 at 19:44

      It exists. Educate yourself .

      • Grazas. It's worth noting that the Bullet Cluster results you linked to are only the most recent development in dark matter's nearly 80 year history:

        1933 – Zwicky studies the Coma cluster of galaxies and is surprised to find that these galaxies are orbiting each other much faster than he predicted based on their visible mass. He proposes that each galaxy actually contains much more mass than is visible.

        1959 – Measurements of galactic rotational velocities conflict with expected velocities based on the amount of matter observed to be present. The dark matter concept proposed by Zwicky is found to solve this problem too.

        1970s – Big Bang nucleosynthesis has trouble reconciling observations of high deuterium density with the expansion rate of the universe. Non-baryonic dark matter solves this problem as well.

        At this point, dark matter was simply an hypothesis. MOdified Newtonian Dynamics ( MOND ) was another hypothesis with equal weight. But then in 2006 measurements of the Bullet Cluster supported the dark matter hypothesis over the MOND hypothesis.

        Simultaneously, WMAP (2001-present) measured the microwave background radiation and independently confirmed the existence of dark matter. It also revealed an even larger amount of “dark energy” which confirmed the 1998 discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.

        • painandgreed posted on 2010-03-29 at 10:03

          At this point, dark matter was simply an hypothesis. MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) was another hypothesis with equal weight. But then in 2006 measurements of the Bullet Cluster supported the dark matter hypothesis over the MOND hypothesis.

          I don't think you could really say MOND had equal weight until 2006. I got my physics degree in the late 80′s/early 90′s and while MOND was often mentioned along with dark matter, it was usually as a footnote of other possibilities. Very few considered it a serious contender as it was complicated and failed to describe all but ideal models. Physicists like elegant physics which is the ability of simple equations to describe a complex situations. MOND required complex equations to describe simple situations.

        • (Ed. note: actually posted on 2010-04-06 at 10:59, but my limited comment nesting puts this out of logical order if the actual date is used.)

          I finished undergrad in 2004, and my experience was similar to yours. I was being overly conciliatory to MOND because in my experience non-physicists aren't swayed by issues of elegance and simplicity.

        • Someone posted on 2010-03-29 at 12:34

          However, just this last year it was found that prior surveys of background radiation had missed the mark widely. Further, there is strong new evidence contradicting the assumption that we are in a “typical” region of the universe, simultaneously calling into question whether expansion is actually accelerating.

          Gotta keep up with the news, man!

        • However, just this last year it was found that prior surveys of background radiation had missed the mark widely.

          Huh? What “mark” did WMAP or COBE miss widely? Says who?

          Further, there is strong new evidence contradicting the assumption that we are in a “typical” region of the universe, simultaneously calling into question whether expansion is actually accelerating.

          WTF? The 1998 supernovae measurements I cited were measured over billions of light years, and have been confirmed by more recent measurements with higher precision. They're confirmed by WMAP's measurements of the background radiation, which encompasses nearly the entire observable universe. They're also confirmed by Chandra data of galaxy clusters.

        • Someone posted on 2010-03-30 at 16:12

          My mistake. I was thinking microwaves, but it was gamma rays.

        • As you say, unidentified gamma ray sources aren't relevant to the galaxy collision observations or dark energy acceleration observations in question. You've demonstrated true scientific spirit here by admitting a mistake. Kudos.

        • I am curious about something: since dark matter has to be strongly interacting enough to account for the anomalies observed in the rotation of galaxies (which is why it is presumed to be the majority of the gravitationally-interacting mass in the universe), how does that fit with the gravitation that we observe locally, in our solar system? And please don't try to tell me that the gravitational interaction is too weak to notice on that scale, because if it did, then it would not have the requisite effect on galaxies, either. (If it interacted on weakly gravitationally, then there would have to be even more of it to have the observed large-scale effects, so that's not an answer.) [Someone]

          The key is that most dark matter candidates don't strongly interact, as shown by the Bullet Cluster observations. In fact, that's what WIMP stands for: Weakly Interacting Massive Particle. Since dark matter only interacts via gravity, it only clumps together on the largest scales of galaxies; at the scale of individual solar systems most WIMP candidates should have a fairly uniform density. Depending on whether we're dealing with cold or hot dark matter, clumping may occur at scales smaller than galaxies but to the best of my knowledge this hasn't been confirmed experimentally.

          Locally uniform dark matter exerts no detectable gravitational force on planetary orbits because they're much smaller than the typical distance between stars. This conclusion follows from reasoning similar to that used to solve the famous sophomore-level physics problem where one proves that gravity everywhere inside a hollow uniform sphere is identically zero.

        • What about the dark matter inside a sphere defined by the radius of a planet's orbit? Doesn't it exert a gravitational force which should show up in careful measurements of that planet's orbital period? [Someone]

          Yes, but dark matter's locally homogenous distribution means that the amount of dark matter in this sphere is very small compared to the mass of the Sun, so the corresponding force is also very small. Gauss's law for gravity shows that the force due to this sphere increases linearly with respect to distance from the Sun, as opposed to point source gravity which has inverse square dependence. Incidentally, that's similar to the gravity inside a spherical planet with uniform density.

          More specifically, the gravitational acceleration due to dark matter is g_dark = BigG*rho*radius, where BigG is Newton's gravitational constant (6.67*10 -11 m 3 *kg -1 *s -2 , rho is the density of dark matter in kg/m 3 , and radius is measured from the center of the Sun in meters.

          A rigorous estimate of rho would start with a plausible total mass of the Milky Way's dark matter halo, then use something like the NFW profile to predict the density at the Sun's distance from the center of the Milky Way.

          But I'm pressed for time, so the standard density of dark matter at the Sun's location is quoted as 0.3 GeV/cm 3 (with an uncertainty of ~3x), and relativity says 1 GeV/c 2 = 1.78*10 -27 kg, so rho = 5.3*10 -22 kg/m 3 .

          Since the dark matter acceleration grows linearly with distance from the Sun, let's examine its value at the maximum distance of Pluto from the Sun: 7.38*10 12 m. In that case, g_dark = 2.6*10 -19 m/s 2 , which is less than a billionth of a nanometer per second squared . Compare that to the Sun's gravitational acceleration at that distance: 2.5*10 -6 m/s 2 . Even at the orbit of Pluto, the Sun's gravity is 10 trillion times stronger than gravity due to dark matter.

          In contrast, the orbit of the Sun around the center of the Milky Way is affected by all dark matter in the sphere defined by the Sun's orbit. Since the radius of this sphere is ~30,000 LY (which is much larger than the average distance between stars), the non-clumpy distribution of dark matter is irrelevant on that scale so it exerts a measurable gravitational force. As a result, a smooth galactic dark matter halo affects the velocity curves of stars vs. galactic radii, but has no significant effect on planetary orbits.

        • The Pioneer anomaly exhibits anomalous acceleration toward the Sun at an extremely large radius, which seems to match the effect due to a uniform dark matter distribution in the Solar System. [Someone]

          That's probably not related to dark matter because the effect doesn't show up in the orbital periods of the outer planets, and the equivalence principle holds that dark matter should affect planets exactly the same as probes. Plus, even after accounting for local enhancements in the density of dark matter around the Sun, dark matter is too weak on this scale to explain the Pioneer anomaly.

        • Most of your derivation assumes local uniformity of the dark matter halo, which might not be a good approximation if dark matter is cold enough to clump together on smaller scales. [Someone]

          Yes, but WIMPs don't interact via the electromagnetic force. This makes them invisible (dark) but also means they can't run into each other (because “solid matter” is only solid because the atoms' electron shells repel each other.)

          As a result, most astrophysicists believe that normal matter (with its unique clumping ability) acts as “seeds” for dark matter clumping. That's the case on galactic scales, and maybe stars and planets can capture sufficiently cold (ie slow) dark matter. But there probably aren't any planets or stars made entirely out of dark matter, which (if in the solar system) would be detectable using ranging measurements to Cassini and other probes.

          Of course, physicists are studying the issue of small-scale dark matter clumping. For instance, the flyby anomaly might be related to earth-bound dark matter , and a bound on the dark matter density in the solar system has been derived from planetary motions.

          A significant amount of earth-bound dark matter would imply that our measurements of the density of the Earth via GRACE, GOCE and Gravity Probe B (all of which include dark matter) and seismic data (which don't include dark matter) should disagree. As far as I know they don't show significant discrepencies, so this places an upper bound on the mass of Earth's hypothetical dark matter core.

        • What about the Cuspy halo and missing satellites problems ? [Someone]

          I study spatio-temporal gravity anomalies on the surface of the Earth, which is a radically different subfield than dark matter astrophysics. The basic principles are similar, though. We both use natural laws (Newtonian gravity or GR) to predict the effects of all known masses on observations. Then we subtract these known effects from the observations and study the nature of the residual errors.

          My experience is that when new observations examine the background model (ie the “known masses”) at finer spatial and temporal resolutions, a number of strange anomalies appear. Most of these anomalies only end up requiring minor tweaks to the model, though. The general public rarely hears about these “boring” anomalies and tweaks, so they tend to believe that every new anomaly precedes a revolution on par with the discovery of the precession of Mercury's orbit.

          The missing satellites problem looks like an interesting problem for people who study galactic evolution on a very fine resolution. The missing cusps at the centers of galaxies are also very small features compared to the galactic halos, and might be related to the ubiquitous super-massive black holes in the same places.

          In contrast, MOND's problems are at the largest scales. The existence of at least some CDM appears to be virtually unchallenged at galactic cluster length scales , though (like all models) its smaller scale features are still being explored and may eventually help determine which varieties of dark matter exist. MOND proponents have to include hot neutrinos , which are a form of non-baryonic dark matter. Also, MOND requires dark matter to avoid predicting radial temperature profiles which disagree badly with observations.

        • MOND explains the Bullet Cluster's collision velocity better than DM. [Someone]

          Actually, the Bullet Cluster's velocity isn't extraordinarily high in the Lambda-CDM model, even though it's higher than average.

        • MOG and TeVeS are claimed to reproduce Bullet Cluster observations. [Someone]

          Dark matter explains the Bullet Cluster observations using both Newtonian gravity and general relativity. As a result, I'm suspicious that modified gravity can only explain these results by modifying general relativity. TeVeS also doesn't explain Boomerang data and requires some dark matter to simultaneously fit lensing and rotation curves.

        • Here's a counter-example to the Bullet cluster. [Someone]

          Yes, Abell 520 doesn't have the same angular separation between the x-ray emissions and the mass inferred from weak lensing observations. But this may simply mean that the galaxies in Abell 520 have a lower ratio of dark vs. normal matter than the galaxies in the Bullet Cluster.

          That's something MOND or TeVeS or MOG can't easily explain, because modified gravity should be universal so it should always imply the same ratio of “dark matter” to normal matter (although not all normal matter is equally visible). Therefore dark matter more easily explains the dark galaxy called VIRGOHI 21 which might have ~1000x as much dark matter as visible matter (compare to ~10-20x for the Milky Way's ratio). Dark matter also explains the apparent lack of a universal dark matter density profile better than modified gravity for similar reasons.

          But here's another cluster that confirms the Bullet Cluster isn't just a fluke.

        • But we haven't detected any WIMPS or axions, despite decades of attempts. [Someone]

          Yes, it's difficult to tell which varieties of dark matter are prevalent in our galactic neighborhood. Many groups are working on this problem, and some recent papers seem interesting . But, as you say, at the moment no unambiguous detection events have risen above the signal to noise ratio.

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